“Watch,” Arjun said to Boom. “This is not like your Python scripts. This is ladder. It is a conversation with the machine. A conversation about electricity.”

“Master Arjun,” called out a fresh-faced apprentice named Boom, “Line 4 is down. The mold won’t clamp.”

Arjun didn’t look up from his coffee. “What’s the alarm?”

“See this rung?” Arjun pointed. “X3.0 is the left safety gate. X3.1 is the right safety gate. Y2.4 is the ‘Gate Closed’ relay. The logic says: If X3.0 AND X3.1 are true, then energize Y2.4.”